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<title>Spatial data infrastructure</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spatial data infrastructure</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>A <b>spatial data infrastructure</b> (<b>SDI</b>), also called <b>geospatial data infrastructure</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Council_Studies_Resources_Committee_2001_p._30_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Council_Studies_Resources_Committee_2001_p._30-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="Data_infrastructure" title="Data infrastructure">data infrastructure</a> implementing a framework of <a href="Geographic_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic data">geographic data</a>, <a href="Geospatial_metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">metadata</a>, users and tools that are interactively connected in order to use spatial data in an efficient and flexible way. Another definition is "the technology, policies, standards, <a href="Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a>, and related activities necessary to acquire, process, distribute, use, maintain, and preserve spatial data".<sup id="cite_ref-wh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most commonly, institutions with large repositories of geographic data (especially government agencies) create SDIs to facilitate the sharing of their data with a broader audience.

</p><p>A further definition is given in Kuhn (2005):<sup id="cite_ref-kuhn2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuhn2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "An SDI is a coordinated series of agreements on technology standards, institutional arrangements, and policies that enable the discovery and use of geospatial information by users and for purposes other than those it was created for."

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General">General</h2></div>

<p>Some of the main principles are that data and metadata should not be managed centrally, but by the data originator and/or owner, and that tools and <a href="Service_oriented_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Service oriented architecture">services</a> connect via <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> to the various sources.<sup id="cite_ref-sstein2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sstein2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="GIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS">GIS</a> is often the platform for deploying an individual node within an SDI. To achieve these objectives, good coordination between all the actors is necessary and the definition of standards is very important.

</p><p>The original example of an SDI is the United States <b>National Spatial Data Infrastructure (<a href="#National_spatial_data_infrastructures">NSDI</a>)</b>, first mandated in the <a href="OMB_Circular_A-16" class="mw-redirect" title="OMB Circular A-16">OMB Circular A-16</a> in 1996. In Europe since 2007, INSPIRE is a <a href="European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> initiative to build a European SDI beyond national boundaries; the United Nations Spatial Data Infrastructure (<a href="UNSDI" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSDI">UNSDI</a>) plans to do the same for over 30 UN Funds, Programs, Specialized Agencies and member countries.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_components">Software components</h2></div>

<p>An SDI should enable the discovery and delivery of spatial data from a data repository, via a spatial service provider, to a user. As mentioned earlier it is often wished that the data provider is able to update spatial data stored in a repository. Hence, the basic software components of an SDI are:<sup id="cite_ref-sstein2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sstein2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>Software client - to display, query, and analyse spatial data (this could be a <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">browser</a> or a desktop GIS)</li>

<li>Catalogue service - for the discovery, browsing, and querying of <a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> or spatial services, spatial datasets and other resources</li>

<li>Spatial data service - allowing the delivery of the data via the Internet</li>

<li>Processing services - such as datum and projection transformations, or the transformation of <a href="Cadastre#Cadastral_surveys" title="Cadastre">cadastral survey</a> observations and <a href="Ownership" title="Ownership">owner</a> requests into <a href="Cadastral_documentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadastral documentation">Cadastral documentation</a></li>

<li>(Spatial) data repository - to store data, e.g., a <a href="Spatial_database" title="Spatial database">spatial database</a></li>

<li>GIS software (client or desktop) - to create and update spatial data</li></ul>

<p>Besides these software components, a range of (international) technical standards are necessary that allow interaction between the different software components.<sup id="cite_ref-sstein2010_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sstein2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cookbook_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cookbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those are geospatial standards defined by the <a href="Open_Geospatial_Consortium" title="Open Geospatial Consortium">Open Geospatial Consortium</a> (e.g., OGC WMS, WFS, GML, etc.) and <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> (e.g., ISO 19115) for the delivery of maps, vector and <a href="Raster_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Raster data">raster data</a>, but also data format and internet transfer standards by <a href="W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> consortium.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_spatial_data_infrastructures">National spatial data infrastructures</h2></div>

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<p>List by country or administrative zone. It is not complete, is a sample of National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) official websites.

</p>

<th>Admin. Region</th>

<th>NSDI name and ext. link

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ungiwg.org/unsdi">The United Nations Spatial Data Infrastructure (UNSDI)</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idera.gob.ar/">Spatial Data Infrastructure of Argentinian Republic (IDERA)</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anzlic.org.au/infrastructure_ASDI.html">Australian Spatial Data Infrastructure</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csdila.unimelb.edu.au/">its centre</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogota">Bogota</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ideca.gov.co">Bogota Spatial Data Infrastructure</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geo.gob.bo/portal/">Bolivia Spatial Data Infraestructure (IDE-EPB)</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inde.gov.br">Brazilian Spatial Data Infrastructure (INDE)</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geomatics/canadas-spatial-data-infrastructure/10783">Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ide.cl/">Chilean Spatial Data Infrastructure</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snitchile.blogspot.com/">Blog</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icde.org.co">Colombian Spatial Data Infrastructure (ICDE)</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snitcr.go.cr">National Service of Territory Information</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td>

<td><a href="U.S._National_Spatial_Data_Infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Spatial Data Infrastructure">U.S. National Spatial Data Infrastructure</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/">The European INSPIRE initiative</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ideandorra.ad">Andorran Spatial Data Infrastructure (IDEAnd)</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inspire.maaamet.ee/">Estonian National Spatial Data Infrastructure</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kartta.paikkatietoikkuna.fi/?lang=en">Finnish National Spatial Data Infrastructure</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdi-de.org/">German National Spatial Data Infrastructure</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csdi.gov.hk">Common Spatial Data Infrastructure (CSDI)</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geoportal.lt/">Lithuanian geographic information infrastructure</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaalgeoregister.nl/">Dutch Geo register</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idee.es">Spanish National Spatial Data Infrastructure (IDEE)</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ideandalucia.es/index.php/en">Andalusian Spatial Data Infrastructure</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.euskadi.eus/">Spatial Data Infrastructure and Portal of the Basque Country. geoEuskadi </a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idecan.grafcan.es">Canary Islands Spatial Data Infrastructure (IDECanarias)</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geoportal-idec.net/">Catalonia Spatial Data Infrastructure</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://b5m.gipuzkoa.eus">Gipuzkoa Spatial Data Infrastructure</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geodata.se/">Geodata.se</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://map.geo.admin.ch">Swiss Federal Spatial Data Infrastructure</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geoportal.abudhabi.ae/geoportal/">Abu Dhabi SDI</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="India" title="India">India</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031065652/https://nsdiindia.gov.in/nsdi/nsdiportal/index.jsp">National Spatial Data Infrastructure</a> (NSDI)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tanahair.indonesia.go.id/portal-web">Ina-Geoportal</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mygeoportal.gov.my">Malaysia Geospatial Data Infrastructure (MyGDI)</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="GeoSUR" title="GeoSUR">GeoSUR</a></li>

<li><a href="GEOSS" class="mw-redirect" title="GEOSS">GEOSS</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_Union_directives#Information_technology" title="List of European Union directives">INSPIRE</a></li>

<li><a href="UNSDI" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSDI">UNSDI</a></li>

<li><a href="GIS_file_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS file formats">GIS file formats</a></li>

<li><a href="GIS_software" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS software">GIS software</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Cartographic_Association" title="International Cartographic Association">International Cartographic Association</a> (ICA)</li>

<li><a href="ArcGIS" title="ArcGIS">ArcGIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a> (GIS)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFCouncilStudiesResourcesCommittee2001" class="citation book cs1">Council, N.R.; Studies, D.E.L.; Resources, B.E.S.; Committee, M.S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YU2l0phLQ8oC&pg=PA30"><i>National Spatial Data Infrastructure Partnership Programs: Rethinking the Focus</i></a>. Compass series. National Academies Press. p. 30. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-309-07645-6</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-29</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-wh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wh_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The White House, Office of Management and Budget (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/omb/circulars/a016/print/a016_rev.html#background">Circular No. A-16 Revised</a>, August 19, 2002</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-kuhn2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kuhn2005_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuhn, W. (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2697206/Introduction-to-Spatial--Data-Infrastructures">presentation "Introduction to Spatial Data Infrastructures"</a>. Presentation held on March 14, 2005.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-sstein2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sstein2010_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sstein2010_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sstein2010_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiniger, S., and Hunter, A.J.S. (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/jump-pilot/files/w_other_freegis_documents/articles/sstein_hunter_fosgis4sdi_v10_final.pdf/download">preprint "Free and open source GIS software for building a spatial data infrastructure"</a>. In E. Bocher and M. Neteler (eds): <i>Geospatial Free and Open Source Software in the 21st Century: Proceedings of the first Open-Source Geospatial Research Symposium</i>, 2009, LNG&C, Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 247-261.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-cookbook-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cookbook_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Organisation - The SDI Cookbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsdidocs.org/GSDIWiki/index.php/Main_Page">link to cook book wiki</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7B4deyn37g">The INSPIRE Directive: a brief description (JRC Audiovisuals)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsdi.org/gsdi11/">GSDI 11 World Conference: The Geo-Spatial event of 2009, Rotterdam The Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsdi.org">Global Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI) Association</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsdi.org/SDILinks.asp">Links to SDI initiatives</a> from the GSDI Association website</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unsdi.nl">The Netherlands Coordination Office of UNSDI (UNSDI-NCO)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geonetwork.nl">The GeoNetwork portal of UNSDI-NCO (with over 17.800 metadata sets)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo-informatie.nl/">Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snig.igeo.pt">SNIG - Portuguese National System for Geographic Information</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Journals</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijsdir.jrc.it/">International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructure Research</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Books</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsdidocs.org/GSDIWiki/index.php/Main_Page">The SDI Cookbook</a> from the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Organisation (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsdi.org">GSDI</a>)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gis.esri.com/esripress/display/index.cfm?fuseaction=display&websiteID=122&moduleID=0">Research and Theory in Advancing Spatial Data Infrastructure Concepts</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gis.esri.com/esripress/display/index.cfm?fuseaction=display&websiteID=89&moduleID=0">GIS Worlds: Creating Spatial Data Infrastructures</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gis.esri.com/esripress/display/index.cfm?fuseaction=display&websiteID=119&moduleID=0">Building European Spatial Data Infrastructures</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Software</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georchestra.org/">geOrchestra</a> is a free, modular and interoperable Spatial Data Infrastructure software that includes other software like <a href="GeoNetwork_opensource" title="GeoNetwork opensource">GeoNetwork</a>, <a href="GeoServer" title="GeoServer">GeoServer</a>, GeoWebCache,...,</li>

<li><a href="GeoNetwork_opensource" title="GeoNetwork opensource">GeoNetwork</a> is a <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free and open source</a> (FOSS) cataloging application for spatially referenced resources,</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geonode.org/">GeoNode</a> is a web-based application and platform for developing geospatial information systems (GIS) and for deploying spatial data infrastructures (SDI),</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo-solutions.it/technologies/opensdi/">OpenSDI</a> includes Open Source components like <a href="GeoServer" title="GeoServer">GeoServer</a> and <a href="GeoNetwork_opensource" title="GeoNetwork opensource">GeoNetwork</a>,</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easysdi.org/">easySDI</a> is a complete web-based platform for deploying any geoportal.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Esri/geoportal-server">Geoportal Server</a> is an open source solution for building SDI models where a central SDI node is populated with content from distributed nodes, as well as SDI models where each node participates equally in a federated mode.</li></ul>

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